The history of the alphabet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The historical backdrop of the letter set - Essay Example The Latin letter sets are viewed as the most broadly utilized letter sets of the world. These letters in order are gotten from the Greek that gave the idea of consonants and vowels (Stephen, p98) The Greek letter sets are established from the Phoenician letters in order that fundamentally give a framework that proposed the utilization of images for each consonant. It suggests that all the letters in order utilized in the current world have their underlying foundations profoundly implanted in to the Phoenician letters in order (Joseph, p65). There are two primary contents that give the clues to the historical backdrop of letters in order. These contents were made some place before the finish of the fourth thousand years BCE known as Mesopotamian cuneiform and Egyptian pictographs. These contents give the base to the creation of Phoenician letter sets and were generally utilized in the Middle East area. A significant number of the dialects utilized in the areas are created from the bas ed gave by the Phoenician letters in order and the two referenced contents. The arrangement of 22 symbolic representations was made by the antiquated Egyptians in 2700 BCE. These pictographs fundamentally speak to the individual consonants of their language. Notwithstanding the consonant, the 23rd pictograph introduced the idea of word introductory or word last vowel just because (Stephen, p98).

Life Hardships Make You Stronger free essay sample

Life Hardships Makes Us Stronger What doesn’t kill you makes you more grounded So why when looked against affliction we attempt to discover simple way out When obstcales preliminaries amp; tribulations are looked among us we ought to be adulating God cause we may be confronting something now yet on the opposite side it will be more splendid amp; more prominent You see everyone battles now and again you see we as a whole go to a point in our life when we get down amp; believe that its everything over except its about having the self discipline to defeated what man has put infront of us a state that I am an overcomer by the intensity of god amp; I can do everything through Christ who reinforced me) But it is after we suffer such a great amount during our hardtime that we come out more grounded and better as an individual You see life is going to toss all of us sorts of wind amp; turns We reserve no option to ask when distress comes, Why did this transpire? except if we approach a similar inquiry for each snapshot of satisfaction that comes our direction. We will compose a custom exposition test on Life Hardships Make You Stronger or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that you dont like something change it; on the off chance that you cannot transform it, change the manner in which you consider it. At the point when life gives you a hundred motivations to cry, show life that you have a thousand motivations to grin. You see god brings us into profound waters not to suffocate us yet to purify us You see each troublesome time in life has a second to open your eyes and brain to something far more prominent As we endeavor to endure troublesome occasions, hearing the insight of the individuals who have battled, addressed and envisioned before us can make the excursion simpler. Quality doesn't originate from winning. Your battles build up your qualities. At the point when you experience hardships and choose not to give up, that is quality. † Lifes up and downs give openings to decide your qualities and objectives. Consider utilizing all deterrents as venturing stones to assemble the existence you need.

Should Children Leave School at 14

Should Children Leave School at 14 The OE Blog Sir Chris Woodhead, former chief inspector of English schools, has created a furore this week by calling for the school leaving age to be reduced to 14. Claiming that some children are simply not suited to academic study, Sir Chris called Prime Minister David Cameron “morally wrong” and attacked his education policies as “a recipe for disaster.” Sir Chris’s major argument was that some students hit their academic peak in their early teens, and are genuinely unable to progress further in school, whilst they may be much happier and more productive entering the world of work. He suggested a path that might include an apprenticeship and “practical, hands-on, craft-based training that takes them through into a job”. He accused the government of having a “Utopian” view of school standards, and seemed to dismiss children who are already “truanting” in their early teens as a lost cause, demanding “does anybody seriously think these kids…are going to stay in school in a purposeful, meaningful way through to 18?” But many angry parents, teachers and social commentators have protested, claiming that lowering the school leaving age would be tantamount to abandoning ‘problem’ students and allowing the education system to turn its back on them, forcing them out into the world too young before they have learned vital life lessons. Sir Chris’s reference to children who fail to attend school seems to draw a rather stereotypical parallel between children with behavioural problems and those who are not academic, which has angered many education and children’s rights campaigners. If the school system is able to write off a child who is behaving in a difficult way with the excuse that the classroom is simply not the right environment for them, it denies them the chance of the support and discipline that education can give many teenagers, helping them to solve some of their problems before they reach the real world, and face real consequences. There is a very serious risk that simply allowing ‘ difficult’ pupils to abandon their studies at 14 with no guarantee of employment or mandatory training of any kind would simply lead to hugely increased adolescent crime and unemployment. Other concerns have been raised over Sir Chris’s own ‘Utopian’ optimism about the numbers of apprenticeship places available (particularly in view of the recent record places already being filled) and the potential for exploitation of a younger workforce with very low wages. In addition, many protesters argued that a child of 14 is not yet ready to choose their path or make their way in the adult world, leaving them vulnerable to poor decisions and negative influences. Many adults who left school aged 16 to enter apprenticeships or work and are now successfully thriving spoke up to point out how crucial their GCSE level maths and English skills were to them when setting up their own businesses. For now it seems that the variety, volume and voraciousness of voices raised against him have firmly quashed Sir Chris’s arguments. Yet a different question remains. What does it say about the state of education in England and of our failure to meet the basic needs of our students, if a former Chief Inspector of schools is led to make such drastic calls for reform? Why are only 80% of English pupils hitting government literacy targets at age 11, and why do we face a truanting crisis so bad that the head of a major school and education company calls for problem students simply to be booted out of the system altogether? The cacophonic response has made it quite clear that lowering the school leaving age is not the answer, but that still leaves the coalition government facing a very serious question indeed.

What Is Graphemics Definition and Examples

Graphemics is a branch of linguistics that studies writing and print as systems of signs. Graphemics deals with the customary ways we transcribe spoken language. The basic components of a writing system are called graphemes (by analogy to phonemes in phonology). Graphemics is also known as graphology, though it shouldnt be confused with the  study of handwriting as a means of analyzing character. Commentary Graphemics, first recorded in 1951, by analogy to phonemics (Pulgram 1951: 19; see also Stockwell and Barritt on the relational view of graphemics) is another synonym of orthography. It is defined in the OED as the study of systems of written symbols (letters, etc.) in their relation to spoken languages. However, some linguists have suggested that the term graphemics should be confined to the study of systems of writing only (Bazell 1981 [1956]: 68), as well as postulated the introduction of the term graphophonemics for [t]he discipline concerned with the study of the relationship between graphemics and phonemics (Ruszkiewicz 1976: 49). (Hanna Rutkowska, Orthography.  English Historical Linguistics, ed. by  Alexander Bergs. Walter de Gruyter, 2012) Graphology/Graphemics and the Writing System of a Language - Graphology  is the study of the  writing system  of a  language--the  orthographic  conventions that have been devised to turn speech into writing, using any available technology (e.g. pen and ink, typewriter, printing press, electronic screen). For  Modern English, the core of the system is the  alphabet  of 26 letters, in its  lower case  (a, b, c...) and  upper case  (A, B, C...) forms, along with rules of  spelling  and  capitalization  which govern the way these letters are combined to make words. The system also includes the set of  punctuation  marks and the conventions of text positioning (such as headlines and indents), which are used to organize text by identifying sentences, paragraphs, and other written units. (David Crystal,  Think on My Words: Exploring Shakespeares Language. Cambridge University Press, 2008)- The term  graphology  will be used here in its broadest sense to refer to the visual medium of language. It describes the general resources of languages written system, including  punctuation, spelling, typography,  alphabet  and  paragraph  structure, but it can also be extended to incorporate any significant pictorial and iconic devices which supplement this system.In their explanations of graphology,  linguists  often find it useful to draw parallels between this system and the system of spoken language... The study of the meaning potential of clusters of sounds is referred to as  phonology. By the same principle, the study of the meaning potential of written characters will be enveloped by our term  graphology, while the basic graphological units themselves are referred to as  graphemes. (Paul Simpson,  Language Through Literature. Routledge, 1997) Eric Hamp on Typography: Graphemics and Paragraphemics The only linguist ever to have given any serious thought to the role played by typography in a graphic text is Eric Hamp.  In a fascinating article, Graphemics and Paragraphemics, published in Studies in Linguistics in 1959, he suggests that  graphemics is  to paragraphemics (the term is his own invention) as linguistics is to paralinguistics. Most of the written message is carried by the letters and punctuation symbols. the subject matter of graphemics, just as most of the spoken message is carried by the segmental and suprasegmental phonemes, the subject matter of phonology, a branch of linguistics. Most--but not all. Linguistics does not cover speed of utterance, voice quality, or those noises we make that are not part of the phonemic inventory; these are left to paralinguistics. Similarly, graphemics cannot handle typography and layout; these are the province of paragraphemics.Nothing ever came of these ideas. The new science never really got off the ground, and Hamps neolo gism suffered the fate of most neologisms: it was never heard again. It was a groundbreaking article--but no one was interested in following the trail. (Edward A. Levenston,  The Stuff of Literature: Physical Aspects of Texts and Their Relation to Literary Meaning. State University of New York Press, 1992).

New Venture and Strategic Thinking - 1628 Words

INTRODUCTION â€Å"A new venture is a company established to commercialize the technology or innovation that was created†(http://www.ipadvocate.org/assistance/terms/index.cfm#N, 2012). In this is case, six individuals created a vibrant group that worked together as an entrepreneur and focused on the formation and the success of the new organization named, ‘RR Financials’. The computer software business started with a bank balance of  £10000. It endured a rough start but eventually started making sufficient sales and profits. At the end of the first year, it made a net profit of ( £382) with a bank balance of  £7,607. In the last month of the second year the business obtained a net profit of ( £662) but a greater bank balance of  £19,373. We also†¦show more content†¦In May 2014 we went bankrupt with a closing balance of ( £4,764) which went down to ( £14,355) in June 2014. We then applied for a loan from friends and family and received  £3,000 at an interest rate of 6%. We changed our supplier to source line as we thought it would benefit us better with its terms. We also had to contract out a few of the products for a few months and therefore decided to go full-time with the help of our loan and first relocated to a 250sq.ft Business center costing us  £313 per month. Then by increasing the entrepreneur’s salary to 1000 we went fulltime in October 2014. By then our bank balance had bounced back up because of the increase in sales from the different distributers and we ended the year with a net profit of ( £662) and a closing bank balance of  £19,373. YEAR THREE Our business ran extremely well this year as we realized previous errors and tried to correct them. We first changed our credit control strategies and reinforced action to be taken. Then we accepted another distributer contract with ‘Rad’, which provided us with almost double the amount of orders. We increased the entrepreneur’s salary for better satisfaction. We realized the importance of obtaining finance. Till now we were relying on personal Finance so now we decided to start looking for investors and succeeded in finding one. With more money flowing into the business we decided to spread further awareness and weShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurial Skills and the Entrepreneurial Instinct 1387 Words   |  6 Pagesattempts to define those characteristics and skills that enable entrepreneurs to realise the business potential in their ideas. In addition it explores the difficulties entrepreneurs may come up against along the way towards having a successful business ve nture. Meredith et al. (1991) describes an entrepreneur as someone who has the ability to see and evaluate business opportunities, gather resources to take advantage of them and undertake the necessary actions to ensure success. When reviewing literatureRead MoreChris Hardwick, King Of The Nerds969 Words   |  4 PagesThe line between television and the Internet seems to be growing more and more blurred as networks and producers learn to adapt to using online media to grow and capture new audiences. A recent article, â€Å"Chris Hardwick, King of the Nerds Is Expanding His Empire† by Lorne Manly in the New York Times features a profile of entertainer Chris Hardwick, who is described as the â€Å"model of an entertainment brand for a multiscreen generation† (Manly, par. 5). As a fan of both Chris Hardwick and of geek cultureRead MoreStarbucks : The Leading Coffee House1111 Words   |  5 Pagesjust one strategic alliance, I am going to focus on two of Starbucks’ most successful partnerships. As the leading coffee house in the world with over 21,000 stores in over 65 countries, Starbucks has become an integral part of our lives. However, what you may not realize is that in the late 80’s, Starbucks was financially struggling after its unsuccessful attempt to expand into the Midwest and Canada. Within a few years, partly through several strategic alliances and joint ventures, StarbucksRead MoreStrategic Issues Paper1645 Words   |  7 PagesRUNNING HEADER: Strategic Issues Paper University of Phoenix MBA 580 Dr. Reid Conner This paper will identify the strategies of three companies that have demonstrated strategic processes that are similar to Wal-Mart. The topics address in this paper will consist of the issues of different strategies utilized by those companies will be addressed, and the outcomes. Based on the various strategies the paper will explain how Wal-Mart could implement them to address the issues identified. GeneralRead MoreHR Hiring1191 Words   |  5 Pagesworking in the RD development team working on the exact technologies that need to be applied in the project of the Hungarian joint venture. 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The prevailing philosophy was that without full control, the company didn’t do the deal. However, times have changed. Since the early 2000s joint ventures have become one of the most powerful strategic tools in GE’sRead MoreEntrepreneurship Is The Process Of Discovering New Ways Of Combining Resources1035 Words   |  5 PagesEntrepreneurship is the process of discovering new ways of combining resources. To start a business offering a product, process or service, various entrepreneurial skills and business models are required for smooth functioning, but the most important aspect it to have an entrepreneurial mindset. This is drawn from opportunities, innovation and new value creation. Entrepreneurship is a practic e of learning and exploring the world by being visionary, opportunistic and creative. Entrepreneurial Mindset

The Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution - 1128 Words

Inspired by the Renaissance, Humanism and Individualism, the Scientific Revolution, John Locke, and the Age of Discovery, and Religious Wars, the Enlightenment in Europe sparked a movement of change and progress. During the Enlightenment, humans were focused on improving their lives and letting go of or expanding on ancient texts that had set the previous standards. The Scientific Revolution was one event that provided a sturdy foundation to the Enlightenment by having solid evidence of things in the world being contrary to what everyone had thought for years. The proofs from the Revolution were a strong basis for progress in the Enlightenment. During the Enlightenment, the concept of unalienable rights was a hot topic, â€Å"Even if each man†¦show more content†¦The cultural values of nature, reason, and progress were the cultural values that shaped and created the Enlightenment. Without those values, there would have been no Enlightenment. The main values of the Enlighten ment, nature, reason, and progress, can be seen slightly in some events predating the Enlightenment. The Scientific Revolution was the great cornerstone to build further ideas upon. People like Galileo and Newton carved out the groundwork for the Enlightenment. Galileo began disproving the church’s theories about the universe and Newtonian developed his idea of a Newtonian universe, making the church extremely angry. Galileo was even called to trial for heresy against the church in 1633, â€Å"... have rendered yourself in the judgment of this Holy Office vehemently suspected of heresy, namely, of having believed and held the doctrine-which is false and contrary to the sacred and divine Scriptures-that the Sun is the center of the world and does not move from east to west†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Roman Catholic Church 28). Newton also contributed to the Enlightenment with his laws. His laws were used to apply to every single aspect of life during the Enlightenment, making him the new Aristotle to an extent. The Political aspect of the Enlightenment was the shift to unalienable rights and the almost absolute shift away from the church. John Locke had championed the idea of ‘life, liberty, and property,’ that could notShow MoreRelatedThe Scientific Revolution And Enlightenment1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, which spanned from the late 1500’s to 1700’s, shaped today’s modern world through disregarding past information and seeking answers on their own through the scientific method and other techniques created during the Enlightenment. Newton’s ‘Philsophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica’ and Diderot’s Encyclopedia were both composed of characteristics that developed this time period through the desire to understand all life, humans are capable of understandingRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment1528 Words   |  7 Pagesplace known as the Enli ghtenment. During this movement enlightenment thinkers, or philosophers, argued that they must focus on the use of reason and secularism to better themselves and understand the universe. As the sciences became more popular, skepticism about religious grew. A significant root of the Enlightenment was the Scientific Revolution (1500-1700) which pressed the use of reasoning, inquiry, and scientific method in order to arrive that the truth. The scientific revolution was an attemptRead MoreThe Enlightenment And The Enlightenment During The Scientific Revolution1686 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Have the courage to use your own intelligence! Is therefore the motto of the Enlightenment,† (Kant). The Enlightenment consisted of the ideas of nature, reason, progress, and optimism. Sir Isaac Newton, a scientist during the Scientific Revolution, greatly influenced the Enlightenment due to his stance on natural law. The idea of a social contract, where the power to govern came from the consent of the governed, was a major force during this time period. Adam Smith, a physiocrat from Great BritainRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesparallels between ideas of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment This essay will explore parallels between the ideas of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment. The scientific revolution describes a time when great changes occurred in the way the universe was viewed, d through the advances of sciences during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The enlightenment refers to a movement that grew out of the new scientific ideas of the revolution that occurred in the late seventeenthRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe society and the world evolved giving rise to the establishment of new social norms and scientific advances. Although the industrial revolution and the scientific revolution represented a giant leap forward in human development, the Age of Enlightenment delivered the greatest influence for the future American society and planted the way for cultural and humanistic enrichment. The Age of the Enlightenment raised new concepts in education, democracy, and human freedom. The new humanistic philosophyRead MoreEssay on Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment903 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment along with the subsequent reaction as embodied by the Romantic movement. Give specific examples of how these movements affected the arts. What was their eventual impact on the western intellectual world. The Scientific revolution and The Enlightenment period overlapped by a hundred years and were co-occurring between 1650-1750. The Scientific Revolution happening first and beginning around 1600, was a period of time when new ideas and toolsRead MoreThe Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution: Essay1835 Words   |  8 PagesThe Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution: Men of Ideas Creating Change Nicole Hill The eighteenth century is often referred to as the Enlightenment. The ideas of many individuals combined to create a movement that would not only sweep across Europe, but reach as far as the Americas. The idea of a world without caste, class or institutionalized crudity was what many were striving to achieve. Coinciding with the Enlightenment was the Scientific Revolution. Advancements in astronomy, technologyRead More The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment In the 17th Century, there was much controversy between religion and science. The church supported a single worldview that God’s creation was the center of the universe. The kings and rulers were set in their ways to set the people’s minds to believe this and to never question it. From these ideas, the Enlightenment was bred from the Scientific Revolution. Nicholas Copernicus was the first to question the universal truths and teachings of theRead MoreThe Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution And The Industrial Revolution889 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impacts of Evolution Through the Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution philosophers and scientists were able to define and study many ideas and ideologies. These time periods of social and scientific reform allowed for the definition of evolution to be defined as, â€Å"the process of continuous branching and diversification from the common trunks.† Evolution though did not begin then, it began at the start of this universe. We as humans would not be here if it werentRead MoreEssay on The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scientific revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries changed the way that people views the world. Scientific philosophers such as Galileo and Descartes threw out the old teachings of the church and challenged them with new ways of thinking. These men sought to prove that rational thought could prove the existence of God. They also challenged that it was an understanding of a series of rational thoughts, not fai th, would bring understanding of how the world worked. Traditional ways of thinking

Ibm Change Story Essay Example For Students

Ibm Change Story Essay An IBM Change Story: Transformational Change from Below and Above 1. Who were the forerunners/ advocates of the change? Change From Below David Grossman is a computer programmer at IBM. -John Patrick is a member of the strategy task force at IBM. Change from Above Lou Gerstner was IBMs CEO in the 1990s. Samuel Palmisano is IBMs CEO from 2002 who took over Lou Gestner. 2. What changes were implemented? How was it managed? The change in IBM started in the early middle 1990s. David Grossman, computer programmer who saw the important role that the internet will play in how business will be done in the future. He began convincing the head of marketing and her team but ended up with an ally in John Patrick, a member of IBMs strategy task force. Together, they created an underground community of web fans who shared technical information and worked willingly for a common goal. Even problems with the lack of funding that usually comes with unofficial projects has been toppled because of the support of several business units, which eventually spread through out the organization. Further, time came when they were already supported by IBMs then CEO Lou Gestner. The change initiated by Grossman and Patrick started the period of change and reinvention at IBM. After the change from the low levels, the top management also did its part in facilitating the change that helped bring IBM into the great global service provider with almost a quarter of its revenues coming from e-business made possible by the internet. From CEO Lou Gestner, who supported the two major change advocates to the new CEO Samuel Palmisano, who advanced the changes to the next level. Palmisano focused on improving teamwork and collaboration. He started by distributing his CEO bonus among the top level management because he believed that he can better foster collaboration by bridging the pay gap between him and his team. Later, he disbanded the top level management to form a three teams that he could work with directly- one for strategy, technology, and operations. . What was the reaction to the change? The reaction to the change was positive from both the low level to the top level of the organization. Since the initial change advocates were from the low level, it was not hard for the rest of the low level personnel to accept the change. On the part of the top management, the CEOs were receptive and accepting of the changes from the low level. In fact, they even encouraged the change and advocated a few more of their own.

Essay on Public Speaking Essay Example

Essay on Public Speaking Paper Public Speaking Public Speaking and Communication 1. Personal opinion on Public Speaking. Suggested answers: Public speaking means giving a speech to a group of people on a special occasion like Teachers Day, opening ceremony of an event, graduation. i) Nervous, self-conscious, butterflies in the stomach, scared; challenging, fun, confidence booster, empowering. ii) To be a more confident, fluent, effective public speaker; to gain confidence, improve the command of English, overcome the fear of speaking in front of an audience. 2. What should you do to give a good speech. Suggested answers: write out the speech and memorise the script;- practice, practice, practice! choose an interesting title; make it short, funny and captivating; speak clearly with a moderate speed; use simple language and make sure one idea is connected to another naturally. 3. Ethics. Answers: i) Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy (ethical, sociological, psychological) responsibilities. ii) (Rhetoric, Ethics, Theology) is a branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. iii) In public speaking, sound ethical decisions involved weighing a potential course of action against A. a set of ethical standards of guidelines. B. the practicality of taking that course of action. C. a set of legal criteria for acceptable speech. D. the speakers goals in a given situation. iv) Which of the following violates the speakers ethical obligation to be honest in what she or he says? A. juggling statistics. B. quoting out of context. C. citing unusual cases as typical examples. D. all of the above. v) Even though it is not easy to assess a speakers goals, it is still necessary to ask ethical questions about those goals. True / False We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Public Speaking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Public Speaking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Public Speaking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer vi) The larger the audience becomes, the greater is the ethical responsibility of the speaker to be fully prepared. 4. Impromptu Speech: Self-introduction Suggested answer: Good morning to everyone. My name is John Ooi Teck Leong, you can call me John or my nickname TL. My hometown is Sitiawan, Perak. My parents run a small family business in town. I have an elder sister and two younger brothers. When Im free, I like to hang out with my friends, play basketball and watch the TV. I come to UTAR because I want to become an accountant, and my parents believe UTAR is the right place for me. In the future, I hope to become a successful accountant, run my own auditing firm, buy a big house for my family and travel around the world. Thats all, thank you! 5. Famous influential speakers of the world. Suggested answers: Mahatma Gandhi political spiritual leader of India who fought for independence Aung San Suu Kyi freedom fighter of Myanmar Sir Winston Spencer Churchill -Prime Minister of the U. K. during WWII John F. Kennedy 35th President of the USA (1917-1963) Martin Luther King civil rights activist, USA (1929-1968)

Free Essays on The Lark Above The Trenches

as â€Å"guns† and â€Å"hell†. The bleakness definitely comes through the poem, with haunting images such as â€Å"men gasping their lives away†. This desperate and chilling image is continued with the winter feeling â€Å"ice-cold†. Winter has negative connotations, especially when there is no escape for these men and they are stuck outside. This harsh reality is interrupted by the lark who boosts the morale of the men by its song raising their â€Å"wounded hope†, suggesting that life is reaffirmed and hope is renewed by the wonderful song. In this poem the elements of desolation and hope are finely bal... Free Essays on The Lark Above The Trenches Free Essays on The Lark Above The Trenches An appreciation of â€Å"The lark above the trenches† by Muriel Elsie Graham Many poems written in response to the events of the 1914-19 war are the products of direct experience of the processes of war – making weapons, nursing the wounded, the loss of brothers, sons or lovers in the trenches – by women in active service in the battle areas as well as by women involved in the war effort at home. The range of this poetry is wide. It is often experimental and in advance of the male poetic response. Muriel Graham has been inspired to write this poem by the newspaper cutting presented at the beginning of the poem. Immediately by reading this epigraph we already recognise the contrast of the beautiful song of the lark with the terrible situation that these soldiers are in. In each stanza, this poem expresses a profound and sombre uncertainty for the soldiers. However, the contrast is reiterated at the end of each stanza, with the reminder of the lark’s song, and we have a glimmer of hope. The opening of the poem is very grim and negative. The repetition of â€Å"all† emphasises the drudgery of these soldiers’ lives. Also adding to that emphasis is the continual regular rhyming pattern (ABCCAB) this definable sense of rhythm is furthered by the use of iambic pentameter, which often emphasises such negative words as â€Å"guns† and â€Å"hell†. The bleakness definitely comes through the poem, with haunting images such as â€Å"men gasping their lives away†. This desperate and chilling image is continued with the winter feeling â€Å"ice-cold†. Winter has negative connotations, especially when there is no escape for these men and they are stuck outside. This harsh reality is interrupted by the lark who boosts the morale of the men by its song raising their â€Å"wounded hope†, suggesting that life is reaffirmed and hope is renewed by the wonderful song. In this poem the elements of desolation and hope are finely bal...

Tax Law & Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tax Law & Accounting - Research Paper Example The main objective is to simplify the rulings of previous tax laws with a purpose that supporting government operations will remain. However, the emerging of additional objectives that deals with the unfair imposition of income tax, and specialized economic objectives have made the structure of modern tax laws complicated. Many have expressed amazement and frustration with regard to the substantial complexity of tax laws, particularly in the ambiguity of tax requirements to the taxpayer. Instead of creating a comprehensive system for people to be honest in their tax liability, the system has provided the people/entities an excuse not to be honest. Tax is considered as an enforced contribution to the government which can be direct or indirect. Those taxes that are imposed to individuals with income and to legal entities like corporations are called direct tax while those that are financially charged through commodities are known as indirect tax. Taxes derived from income are determined through different effective rates which are imposed to all constituents throughout the world by subnational entities such as federal, state, and local governments. Based on the United States Constitution, the â€Å"power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and exercises, to pay the debts and provide the common defenses and general welfare of the United States† is vested to the Congress (â€Å"United States Constitution,† n.d.). Furthermore, tax statutes are created to make certain that U.S. tax setting and features will be in uniformed with other jurisdictions, and inequalities of tax burden will be avoided. The history of th e U.S. tax system has marked significant changes just to make the system fairer, simpler, and more consistent to all American taxpayers. This is also to further restrict the old yet growing tax evasion and tax avoidance strategies. These problems have pushed the idea that tax statutes should be construed strictly such as the passage of the 16th Amendment in 1913 and the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (Webley et al., 1991, p. 135). These ratifications are the forerunners of modern income tax statutes which are said to be complicated and economically harmful to individuals and businesses (â€Å"Fact Sheets: Taxes,† n.d.). This paper will address the objectives of modern income tax statutes, comparing and contrasting the GAAP and tax accounting, and finally how to differentiate between tax avoidance and tax evasion. Objectives of Modern Income Tax Statutes U.S. tax system is said to be fairly well-defined when taxation of income has been modified. By using the ability tax theory, the go vernment has given its constituents a practicable taxation system. However, modern income tax statutes enacted in 1913 appeared so highly complicated that cannot be understood by all taxpayers (Wilson, n.d.). According to Witte (1985), â€Å"the original modern income tax statutes passed in 1913 was a combination of earlier federal laws, state statutes, and the Britis income tax† (p. 246). Indeed, the scope has been broader and the degree of tax rates has increased wherein many have commented that this is the worst kind of tax. Many have asked if the objectives of imposing higher tax rates to low-income individuals and small business, reduction of exemptions, and continuing federal income tax, stipulated in modern tax laws are still constitutional. The government justified the scenario and said that there is no difference between modern tax laws and the earlier laws, because the former are seeking for the same objectives, and this is to raise government revenue to finance ope rations (Herrmann, 2002, p. 19). Despite of such argument, the economic objectives of modern laws are economically harmful not just to the employment of individuals but also to business operations. According to Webley et al.

Police corruption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Police corruption - Essay Example Politicians may interfere with normal functioning of the police by initiating corrupt practices. Politicians can induce police to allow, ban, or break public demonstrations with violence for political stripe. They may oversee a range of laws and regulations by fixing permits and citations that intimidate others in favor of a politician (Barker, 2011). Police corruption carries high cost as it detracts the public faith from the police and derails the public image of the law enforcement duty. It protects criminal activity like drug dealing and prostitution, which have an effect on the general welfare of any country. The protected criminal activities are more often than not lucrative sources that will translate to organized criminal acts. Police corruption is the work of the few dishonest and immoral police officers who put their interest first other than serving the nation. Many police corrupt acts have currently concentrated on an organized structure. Unenforceable laws governing the moral standards promote corruption they provide criminal organizations with a financial interest that undermine the law enforcement (Villiers and Adam, 2003). Police corruption analysis conjures many images and stereotypes in the professional context. Police corruption is a universal challenge to any nation-building as it wastes resources, undermines security, makes a mockery of the constitutional justice, slows down economic development, and alienates populations from their governments.

Guinness Market Entry to Peru

Guinness Market Entry to Peru MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION The following assignment is aimed at evaluating the attractiveness of Peru market as a potential entry market for the Irish Company, Guinness Breweries. Using the method of International Market Selection market will asses under the Systematic Approach and the model called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), we will weigh the three main criteria: Economic, Politics and Cultural. Based on the result from the analysis we will recommend the company either the market is attractiveness or not for the company to entry. Guinness was founded in Dublin in 1759. It was first brewed by Arthur Guinness. This was a fairly new beer, characterised by its dark colour acquired through the roasted barley used in its brewing process. Within 10 years, Guinness Extra Strong Porter was being exported to England. It became known as Guinness Stout as a strong porter was known as a stout porter. By the nineteenth century, Guinness focused its brewing activities on stout alone Expansion into foreign markets was spearheaded under the guidance of Arthurs three sons who succeeded him in the family business. From the end of the 1920s onwards, Guinness moved into advertising, with the placing of adverts in the press and the roll-out of a poster campaign. In accordance with an increase in demand for the Guinness product, a new brewery was established at Park Royal, London in 1936, which became Arthur Guinness Sons Co (Park Royal) in 1952. The pinnacle of Guinness extensive research came in the form of Draught Guinness in cans, launched in the UK in 1989 which, with the inclusion of the award-winning Guinness widget, typified the companys pioneering approach to improving technology and replicating the taste of Draught Guinness in a can Guinness Limited now has breweries in 51 countries worldwide and Guinness stout is drunk in 150 countries Over 10 million glasses of Guinness stout are drunk every day worldwide. Starting business operations abroad is a complex and complicated process. It requires decisions about many related but separate issues. The consequences of these decisions may have a significant influence on the success and performance of a firm. The recognition of right International market is one of the most important decisions that organizations face today when interesting in international trade. Regardless of its importance, the tactics pondered by many organizations in ascertaining profitable and servable markets in the international context are often based on the ad hoc decisions and view, rather than a formalized endeavor to match the organizations competences to that of the relevant foreign target markets. After a company have determined to go international, it will stand before the choice of Selecting a target market (European Commission, 2014). According to Marchi et  al. (2014) the international market selection (IMS) is an important determinant for a firms success on international markets. The International Markets Selection is a vital issue in the classification of foreign entry strategy (Papadopoulos et al., 2002). IMS is defined the development of competent and effective methods for selecting a foreign target market(s.) Denis and Papadopoulos (1988). Two diverse, traditional, approaches to the international markets selection have been presented (Papadopoulos and Denis, 1988): (1) A systematic approach, using a formalized decision process including a variety of statistical methods to analyze the potential of target markets; (2) an unsystematic approach suggesting the use of rules of thum such as selection of those foreign markets that reduce the received psychic distance. Company go global for a variety of reason, but the typical objective is company expansion. Bradley (2005:2) has many reasons for internationalization and some examples of those are; better opportunities abroad, shortening product and technology lifecycles, excess capacity and desire to fallow consumers and competitors abroad. Guinness Brewery, want to continue its global expansion in Peru (South America). Guinness Company has been successes in 51 countries worldwide. For example in Nigeria Guinness Nigeria has been success 1963, that first came to Nigeria When a company seeks to expand its business to foreign markets, a number of tactical decisions must be evaluated (Gà ³recka and Szalucka, 2013) Also, the company has to decide the timing of entry (when) as well as entry mode (how) (Gà ³recka and Szalucka, 2013) Evaluation Criteria Inflation Peru has been one of the regions fastest-growing economies in the last decade, with an average growth rate 5.9 percent in a context of low inflation (averaging 2.9 percent). A positive external environment, prudent macroeconomic policies and structural reforms in different areas combined to create a scenario of high growth and low inflation. After reaching a maximum of 4.6 percent at the beginning of the year, headline inflation has declined and stood at 2.9 percent in August 2016, just lower the upper limit of its target range. GDP growth Slightly improved to 3.3 percent in 2015, with a 6-year minimum of 2.4 percent in 2014. In 2016, economic growth is expected to be similar to 2015 levels, increasingly recovering to an average rate of 3.8 percent by 2017-2018. Over the next two or three years, large-scale mining projects are expected to begin fabrication and increased private and public investment in infrastructure projects will support aggregate demand. Additionally, the country will continue to implement structural reforms to ensure confidence of private investors. Exchange rate: Peru has a free-floating exchange rate regime, with the government irregularly intervening for purposes of stabilization. As of the end of 2013, the Nuevo Sol is one of the least volatile currencies in the world, exhibiting firmness in the face of international market and currency fluctuations. The Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP) implements fiscal stimulus and liquidity control measures. Political Stability The economys overall stable and strong performance has allowed the government to increase its revenues and, hence, to balance the budget. President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, who took office in July 2016, intends to increase public investment in infrastructure and has announced that Peru is expected to raise funds on worldwide financial markets to finance these projects. Since 1998 when the country hardly avoided bankruptcy by signing an agreement with the IMF, Peru has followed a safe path of fiscal consolidation. The fiscal balance has registered only four years of deficit in the last decade and those deficits have never been larger than 1.3% of GDP. Additionally, public debt was cut about in half, from the 44.3% of GDP tallied in 2004 to just 23.3% of GDP in 2015. Market Economy A market economy is based on the values of offer and demand, and lets business carry on or fail devoid of much interaction from the government. A pure market economy is not viable to implement, most market economies in the region of the world have a component of government influence Existing reforms dismantled some barriers to running private enterprises. With no minimum capital necessary, it now takes less than seven procedures to start a business. Labour regulations are evolving. The state controls domestic food and fuel prices and partly subsidizes electricity, but in late 2014, it ruled out cutting taxes or introducing subsidies to support investment and cushion export sectors from the ongoing recession in product prices. Culture Peruvians preserve a strong sense of nationality identity supported by a series of general characteristics such as language. Hofstede model is used to assess the attractiveness of the market. Of the six dimension between Ireland and Peru compare. Both country have similarity only in Long term orientation and the score is very low, at Ireland 24 and Peru 25, meaning that this dimension measures the long term official planning does not exist. They differ culturally in the others five dimensions, such as Distance Power, Individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence. Evaluating the three main criteria: economic, political and cultural; and based on the information provided for each of them, we rank them as fallow the political as the most important. Fallow by economic as a less important, Since, Economic and political are extremely interrelated. On the one hand, the indecision connected with an unstable political environment may decrease investment and the pace of economic advance. On the other hand, poor economic performance may lead to government collapse and political unrest. When analyzing the Incentives parameter for the Peru market, we found out several macro greenfield factors that could act as enablers for Guinnes beer approval. These include both political (such as government ) as well economic factors (GDP increasing year by year) Based on the analysis using our constructed IMS model, we believe that the Peru market has several favorable conditions for Analyzing Sub Criterias According to the above information about each sub criteria of Economy criteria, we could rank the most important sub crateria is Inflation. This It is more important compare to exchange rate. If inflation increases, it means the value of the money loose power, therefore, the exchange rate increase. Moreover, countries with lower inflation have a tendency to see an appreciation in the value of their currency. GDP growth is not a very important sub-criteria, even though it not an important sub criteria it is increasing year by year. Exchange rate is more important than GDP growth, the latter of which is adjusted for inflation. If the inflation is lower, then the country will be more competitive. In the potential entry market which is Peru Market, inflation is very low, (averaging 2.9 percent), then the country is more attractive as a prospective market to entry. In the Political criteria; the most important sub-criteria is Stability, fallows by Regulation and, last one Market Economic. Political stability is a pillar of a democracy. For an investor it is important to have a minimum of security regarding the political stability of the country where to invest, a climate of political instability may affect the ability of a region or country to attract investment. Peru, is a very stable politically country, The constitution of Peru states that presidents cannot be re-elected. The constitution decrees a traditionally elected president and vice president serve five-year term. The president selects the prime minister who presides over the rest of the ministers, who comprise the cabinet. If a country is stable politically, hence, its regulation continues implementing structural reforms to guarantee confidence of private investors. Regarding to Culture similarity, both Ireland and Peru are different culturally. But it does not mean that Peru market could not be a potential entry market for an Irish company. Culture similarity is not an important sub criterion in this case that will interfere in the decision of in a international market. Furthermore, Ireland is doing business with South American country, such as Chile. Evaluating the Hofstede for Ireland and Chile culture similarity, the result is that they both are totally different respect to this sub criteria, however, their business are well performing. Between January and August of this year, the volume of Peruvian beer imports grew by 35% over the same period last year, according to the Foreign Trade Center (CCEX) of the Chamber of Commerce of Lima. Between 2012-2016 imports of this product have registered a decrease in volume of 1.4 million liters, but with this growth is generating a great expectation regarding the recovery of consumption of this product, said Carlos Garcia, manager of CCEX-CCL. In the first eight months of the year, the value added totaled more than US $ 5 million, entering our country 5.6 million liters of beer. Among the main suppliers we find Mexico, which covers 58% of the share, being the main supplier of Corona beer; Followed by Colombia (18%) that provides us with all Miller beer. Below these countries we find the Netherlands with a 9% share, a country that supplies us with Heineken and Grolsch beers. Meanwhile, Germany provides us with the Erdinger Weissbier, Bear Beer, Oettinger, Bitburger, Classe Royale and Phoenix brands; While Argentina supplies us with Stella Artois and Quilmes and Japan beers from the Sapporo and Kirin Ichiban beers As a result of the Analysis for a potential entry market based on the method of International Markets Selection at Evaluating the attractiveness of Peru market as a potential entry market for the Irish Company  ¨Guinness breweries  ¨. Under the Systematic Approach and the model called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), we will weigh the three main criteria: Economic, Politics and Cultural. Peru, is one of the countries in Latino America that the economy is growing faster year by year. The inflation is at very low el The main Criteria and the most important por a decision maker about neither entre or not is POLITICAL, The Government of Peru has encouraged integration with the global economy by signing 17 free trade agreements with 52 economies, including the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (while U.S. exports to Peru jumped from USD 4.9 billion to USD 8.8 billion (a 79 % increase). In 2015, exports grew 23.5% while imports declined 10.9%. Peru registered a USD 13 million trade surplus in April 2016, the first of the year. Perus preferentiaPTPA), which entered into force in February 2009. Trade agreements are with Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, China, Colombia, Ecuador, the European Union, Iceland, Japan, South Korea, Lichtenstein, Mexico, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, the United States, and Uruguay. From result Pairwise comparisons we got them from the weight the Main and Sub criteria 77%, what mean that Peru Market is attractiveness to entry (70 -79 not so favourable, but still an advanced economy) References http://www.burkedist.com/all-products/imported-beers/guiness#, Burke Distributione (accessed 08-01-17 ) http://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/can-political-stability-hurt- conomic-growth. The word bank (accessed 09-01-2017) http://www.heritage.org/index/country/peru ,Economic freedom, ( Accessed 08-01-2017) http://www.limaeasy.com/peruvian-money-currency-guide/current-exchange-rates Lima Easy, the lima guide, (Accessed 08-01-2017) http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview, THE WORDL BANK, IBRD-IDA, (ACCESSED 03-01-2017) http://www.bandeiragalega.com/es/celt/irlanda.htm, Bandeira Galaga (Accessed 08-01-2017) http://www.tradingeconomics.com/peru/forecast, Trading Economy, (accessed 08-01-2017) http://www.focus-economics.com/countries/peru, Focus Economic, (ACCESSED 03-01-17) http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/peru/. Accessed 04-01-2017 http://www.celticclothing.com/mm5/irish-american/cc07-01-history-of-guinness-brewing.php. Celyic Clothing, (06-01-2017) http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview, The word Bank, 2017. (accessed 05-01-2017) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/10978526.2016.1142376, Latin America Business Review. 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(08-01-2017) https://www.export.gov/article?id=Peru-Market-Overview, Expor.Gov, (Accessed 01-07-2017) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249643551_The_decision_process_for_the_International_Market_Selection, Reasercg Gate, Oct.17, 2016 (accessed 01-08-2017) Alegrà ­a, Ciro. The World Is Broad and Alien, 1973. Americas Watch. Untold Terror: Violence against Women in Perus Armed Conflict, 1992. Andersen, O. and Buvik, A. (2002) Firms internationalization and alternative approaches to the international customer/market selection, International Business Review 11(3), pp. 347- 63 Arguedas, Josà © Marà ­a. Deep Rivers , 1978. Brown, Michael, and Eduardo Fernà ¡ndez. War of Shadows: The Struggle for Utopia in the Peruvian Amazon, 1991. Bradley, F. (2005) International Marketing Strategy 8 th edition Prentice Hall, London Bryce Echenique, A. A World for Julius, 1992. Brewer P., (2001), International market selection: developing a model from Australian case studies, International Business Review, vol. 10, pp. 155-174 Brouthers, L. Nakos, G. (2005), The role of systematic international market selection on small firms export performance Journal of Small Business Management Oct2005, Vol. 43 Issue 4, p363-19p. Cavusgil, S.T. (1985) Guidelines for export market research, Business Horizons. 28(6), pp. 27- 33. Denis, J.E. and Papadopoulos, N. (1988) INVENTORY, TAXONOMY AND ASSESSMENT OF METHODS FOR INTERNATIONAL MARKET SELECTION, International Marketing Review, 5(3), pp. 38 51. Erramilli, M. K. Rao, C, (1993), Service Firms International Entry-Mode Choice: A Modified Transaction-Cost Analysis, the Journal of Marketing, Vol 57, No 3 pp 19-38 Holligan de Dà ­az-Là ­maco, Jane. Peru in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture, 1998. Isbell, Billie Jean. To Defend Ourselves: Ecology and Ritual in an Andean Village, 1985. Jenkins, D. Peru: The Rough Guide, 1997. Gà ³recka, D. and Szalucka, M. (2013) Country Market Selection in International Expansion Using Multicriteria Decision Aiding Methods, Multiple Criteria Decision Making, 8 pp. 31- 55. Koch, A. (2001a) Selecting overseas markets and entry modes: two decision processes or one?, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 19(1), pp. 65-75 Gould, R.R. (2002) International Market Selection Screening Technique: Replacing intuition with a multidimensional framework to select a short-list of countries, RMIT University Russow, L. and Okoroafo, S. (1996) On the way towards developing a global screening model, International Marketing Review, 13(1), pp. 46-64. Papadopoulos, N. and Martà ­n O.M. (2011) International market selection and segmentation: perspectives and challenges, International Marketing Review, 28(2), pp. 132-149. Johanson, J. and Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975) The internationalization of the firm four Swedish case studies, Journal of Management Studies, 12(3), pp. 305-322. Johanson J. and Vahlne J.E. (1977) The Internationalization Process of the Firm A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments, Journal of Business Studies, 8(1), pp. 23-32. Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.E. (1990) The Mechanism of Internationalisation, International Marketing Review, 7(4), pp. 11-24. Papadopoulos N., Chen H., Thomas D.R., (2002), Toward a tradeoff model for international market selection, International Business Review, vol. 11, pp. 165-192 Johanson J. and Vahlne J.-E., (1977), The internationalization process of the firm a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 8 n. 1, pp. 23-32 Papadopoulos N., (1987), Approaches to international market selection for small- and medium-sized enterprises, in S.D. Reis e P.J. Rosson (Eds), Managing export entry and expansion. New York: Praeger Sethy S. S. (2008) Distance education in the age of globalization: An Overwhelming Desire towards Blended Learning Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education Vol. 9, No. 3 Terpstra, V. (1987) The Evolution of International Marketing, International Marketing Review, p 47-59 Terpstra V., Sarathy R. (2001). International Marketing, 8ht edn., Chicago II, Dryden Press. European Commission (2014), What is an SME? ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts figures analysis/sme definition/index_en.htm (2015 05 11) Marchi, G. Vignola, M. Facchinetti, G. Mastroleo, G.(2014) International market selection for small firms: a fuzzy based decision process, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 48 Iss: 11/12, pp.2198-2212 https://www.reference.com/world-view/market-economy References, accessed 08-01-17 Appendix Peru Inflation .. Pairwise comparisons for sub-criteria with respect to Economics GDP growth Inflation Exchange Rates GDP growth 1.00 6.00 5.00 0.73170732 0.5 0.789473684 0.673727 0.447386678 45% Inflation 0.17 1.00 0.33 0.12195122 0.083333333 0.052631579 0.085972044 0.057089514 6% Exchange Rates 0.20 5.00 1.00 0.14634146 0.416666667 0.157894737 0.240300956 0.15957123 16% 1.37 12.00 6.33 Pairwise comparisons for sub-criteria with respect to Politics Stability Market Economy Regulation Stability 1.00 0.17 6.00 0.13953488 0.12195122 0.5 0.253828701 0.067823621 7% Market Economy 6.00 1.00 5.00 0.8372093 0.731707317 0.416666667 0.661861095 0.176850828 18% Regulation 0.17 0.20 1.00 0.02325581 0.146341463 0.083333333 0.084310204 0.022527883 2% 7.17 1.37 12.00 1 Global Very Very IMS Priorities Unfavourable Unfavourable Favourable Favourable Favourability Score GDP growth 45% 0 0.333 0.666 1 30% Inflation 6% 0 0.333 0.666 1 6% Exchange Rates 16% 0 0.333 0.666 1 16% Stability 7% 0 0.333 0.666 1 7% Market Economy 18% 0 0.333 0.666 1 12% Regulation 2% 0 0.333 0.666 1 2% Cultural Similarity 7% 0 0.333 0.666 1 5% Total 77% Pairwise comparisons among objectives/alternatives Normalized matrix Weights/ Priorities Global Priorities Economic Political Cultural Economic 1.00 4.00 7.00 0.717948718 0.774193548 0.5 0.664047422

Robert Frosts Desert Places and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening :: Robert Frost Poet Poems Desert Woods Essays

Robert Frost's "Desert Places" and "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" Robert Frost takes our imaginations to a journey through wintertime with his two poems "Desert Places" and "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening". Frost comes from a New England background and these two poems reflect the beautiful scenery that is present in that part of the country. Even though these poems both have winter settings they contain very different tones. One has a feeling of depressing loneliness and the other a feeling of welcome solitude. They show how the same setting can have totally different impacts on a person depending on their mindset at the time. These poems are both made up of simple stanzas and diction but they are not simple poems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the poem "Desert Places" the speaker is a man who is traveling through the countryside on a beautiful winter eventing. He is completely surrounded with feelings of loneliness. The speaker views a snow covered field as a deserted place. "A blanker whiteness of benighted snow/ With no expression, nothing to express". Whiteness and blankness are two key ideas in this poem. The white sybolizes open and empty spaces. The snow is a white blanket that covers up everything living. The blankness sybolizes the emptyness that the speaker feels. To him there is nothing else around except for the unfeeling snow and his lonely thoughts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The speaker in this poem is jealous of the woods. "The woods around it have it - it is theirs." The woods symbolizes people and society. They have something that belongs to them, something to feel a part of. The woods has its place in nature and it is also a part of a bigger picture. The speaker is so alone inside that he feels that he is not a part of anything. Nature has a way of bringing all of her parts together to act as one. Even the animals are a part of this wintery scene. "All animals are smothered in their lairs,/ I am too absent-spirited to count". The snow throws its blanket of whiteness over everything and to him it is a feeling of numbness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "The loneliness includes me unawares". The speaker has lost his enthusiasm for life. He can not express his feelings easily because of this feeling of numbness. The speaker is also in denial about feeling alone. He is at a stage where he just does not care about too much and he is feeling a bit paranoid. "They cannot scare me with their empty space." He is saying who cares how I feel, I do not need anyone else.

After a Careful Examination of the Arch Communication Inc.

After a careful examination of the Arch Communications Inc. case and the valuation done by the Analyst, we believe that there are following issues with valuation which should be examined very closely – 1) Technicality Error in the preparation of the Free Cash Flow: In the FCF prepared by John Adams: Tax and Change in Net Working Capital items cannot be observed. We may assume that, this was done on purpose since both of these values were accepted as â€Å"0† throughout the forecast period. In the absence of knowledge about the details for tax implications in US and the effect of the expected Westlink Holdings acquisition on existing tax base, we accepted the tax assumption made by John Adams as correct. In normal conditions we need to investigate thoroughly the tax issue and the permitted number of years that loss can be carried forward in US. * We think that accepting the â€Å"Change in Net Working Capital† as â€Å"0† throughout the forecast period is a strong assumption.The negative Net Working Capital (for 2005 Current Assets-Current Liabilities = 33,671-49,172 = 15,501 ) structure may change within forecasted period against to company due to increasing competition. But we still continue with the â€Å"0† ? Net Working Capital assumption of John Adams. 2) WACC Estimate: John Adams used the following parameters/assumptions in his WACC calculations: Rf: 7% Market Risk Premium (â€Å"MRM†): 7% Beta Arch: 1. 6 Borrowing Rate: 11% Eqity/Debt Ratio: 40% / 60% And based on these: Re= Rf+ ? Arch x MRP = 7% + 1. 6 x 7% = 18. 2 % WACC = 0. x Re + 0. 6 x Rd and accepted tax shield from cost of debt as â€Å"0† due to the â€Å"0† tax cost of the company during the forecasted period. WACC = 0. 4 x 18. 2% + 0. 6 x 11. 0% = 13. 88% =>13. 9% * In the absence of details about the ? Arch calculation of John Adams we accepted this assumption as accurate. [ Dear All: Please feel free to comment on Beta and cost of debt assumptions, also on 0 tax assumption in WACC calculation] 3) Terminal Value Calculation: John Adams calculated Terminal Value of the company at year 2005 as $3,568m with 10x EBITDA multiple. Although 10xEBITDA multiple seems close to the existing average EV/EBITDA multiple (the average is 10. 6 for the above 6 companies), this multiple reflects the existing company growth/market expectations. A multiple of 10-12 multiple can used for corporations with high growth expectations but it is unusual and flawed to accept the same multiple for Arch Communication even after 10-years. Normally for mature companies using EV/EBITDA multiple in the range of 6-7 times can be more acceptable. * When $854. m PV of Terminal Value is double checked with the calculation method by Perpetual Growth Rate at the 10th Year Free Cash Flow: 3,568=277. 3(13. 9%-g) => g=6. 118%. Assumption of 6. 12% perpetual growth is both unusual and irrational. * It seems that the discounting formula used for calculating t he PV of Terminal Value seems false. It is discounting 1 more year than the actual 9 years. Hence for discounting the PV of Terminal Value at the Year 2005, it is needed to use the discount rate of 0. 3099. * When a usual market practice was used for the growth in perpetuity (for the calculation of TV) i. . 2. 0% => TV=277. 3(13. 9%-2. 0%) x (0. 3099) =>$722m. instead of $854. 1m. 4) Cash Flow Assumptions: When we check the reliability of the assumptions and the cash flows we observe that: * EBITDA margin is increasing from 36. 2% to 46. 9%. We believe that 46. 9% at a maturing market seems very aggressive. * The book value of Fixed Assets (PP&E and Intangible Assets) decreases to $ 52. 2 m. levels at $ 760. 7 m sales figure. We believe that this seems some problematic for us. a. Whether EV/EBITDA is the right method for calculating the terminal value of Arch Communications Inc.? . If at all EV/EBITDA is the right multiple, is it justified to use a multiple of 10x for valuing the te rminal value when it is assumed that the business has achieved a stable perpetual growth rate? c. Is it valid to use FCF and EBITDA simultaneously in calculating the full enterprise value? The valuation at hand calculates the terminal value using EBITDA multiple and value generated over next ten years using FCF d. Even if the business is not generating any profit at all currently, is it valid to assume no taxes even for the rest of the forecasting period? . Is it efficacious to use a WACC of 13. 9%? Problem: Whether EV/EBITDA is the right method for calculating the terminal value of Arch Communications Inc.? Argument: Since the company is highly leveraged, it may be more prudent to value equity just by using Flow to Equity or levered cash flows. The unlevered cash flows and EBITDA may not †¦(CHOON TO ADD) Problem: If at all EV/EBITDA is the right multiple, is it justified to use a multiple of 10x for valuing the terminal value when it is assumed that the business has achieved a stable perpetual growth rate?Argument: The companies who have achieved a stable growth rate do have EV/EBITDA of 10x by any industry standard. A multiple of 10-12x is used for growing organizations but it is not guaranteed that Arch Communication would be a rapidly growing organization even after 10-years. Even if the valuation using EV/EBITDA is validated – it could only be in the range of 6-7x. Currently, the industry standard is of 10x multiple of EV/EBITDA but that is not guaranteed after 10-years Problem: Is it valid to use FCF and EBITDA simultaneously in calculating the full enterprise value?The valuation at hand calculates the terminal value using EBITDA multiple and value generated over next ten years using FCF Argument: We would also prefer to calculate the terminal value using FCF rather than using EBITDA since the value generated in the next 10-years is also calculated using FCF. We believe that FCF would provide with a better approximation of the terminal value. Problem: Even if the business is not generating any profit at all currently, is it valid to assume no taxes even for the rest of the forecasting period? Argument: FCF is calculated as Problem: Is it efficacious to use a WACC of 13. 9%? Argument:

Democratic Style Of Leadership Ideas Essay - 2004 Words

Democratic style of leadership ideas have the ability to move more freely throughout the organization. Team are willing to openly discuss the ideas and the different concepts. In this type of technological environment Democratic style is in my belief the most efficient style available. In this type of leadership every employee’s opinion is up for consideration. In Democratic leadership the ultimate results are prepared by the democratic front-runners where other group associate are asked by them to make contribution concerning the progression of decision making. Career gratification is not simply growing by this through the contribution of the associates of group, but it also delivers support to abilities improvement of the individuals. The team member can control their destiny by themselves through which they get motivation for working hard by getting the financial reward. The purpose of which is time is required to create involvement of the affiliates of groups and may be more time is needed but the better can be come. The condition on when this method is used, in the time of working on a team as essential and when value gets more importance rather than the market speed or the efficiency of the workers. The subsequent style of leadership that we will observe is Motivational leadership which is the ability to improve and motivate people to encourage people to perform at their finest. 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